Conservative governments set targets for the NHS in the 1990s - for example, guaranteeing a maximum two-year wait for non-emergency surgery and reducing rates of death from specific diseases. The Blair government introduced far more targets and managed performance far more aggressively - a management regime sometimes referred to as 'targets and terror'. Targets have been blamed for distorting clinical priorities, and in particular for one organisation achieving a target at the expense of another. For example ambulances have been forced to queue up outside a busy emergency departments so that the ambulances might not be able to meet their target in responding to emergency calls, but the hospital can meet its A&E target. Excess emphasis on the targets can mean that other important aspects of care, especially those not easily measured, may be neglected. NHS England under the Conservative governments reduced the number of targets, in particular removing most of those relating to health inequality, and encouraged a system wide approach. However shortage of staff and funding meant that performance against targets declined.
The NHS Constitution for England specifies waiting times in the accompanying Handbook, but does not provide a remedy should they be breached.
Video NHS targets
Four-hour target in emergency departments
A four-hour target in emergency departments was introduced by the Department of Health for National Health Service acute hospitals in England. The original target was set at 100%, but lowered to reflect clinical concerns that there will always be patients who need to spend slightly longer in A&E, under observation. Setting a target that, by 2004, at least 98% of patients attending an A&E department must be seen, treated, and admitted or discharged in under four hours. The target was further moved to 95% of patients within four hours in 2010 as a result of the coalition's claims that 98% was not clinically justified. Trusts which failed to meet the target could be fined. In July 2016 NHS trusts were set new "performance improvement trajectories". For 47 of the 140 trusts with "type one" major A&E facilities this meant a target of less than 95% waiting under 4 hours. In January 2017 Jeremy Hunt announced that the target would in future only apply to "urgent health problems".
Objective
The UK Labour government had identified a requirement to promote improvements in A&E departments, which had suffered underfunding for a number of years. The target, accompanied by extra financial support, was a key plan to achieve the improvements. Tony Blair felt the targets had been successful in achieving their aim. "We feel, and maybe we are wrong, that one way we've managed to do that promote improvements in A&E is by setting a clear target".
48% of departments said they did not meet the target for the period ending 31 December 2004. Government figures show that in 2005-06, 98.2% of patients were seen, diagnosed and treated within four hours of their arrival at A&E, the first full financial year in which this has happened.
The 4-hour target triggered the introduction of the acute assessment unit (also known as the medical assessment unit), which works alongside the emergency department but is outside it for statistical purposes in the bed management cycle. It is claimed that though A&E targets have resulted in significant improvements in completion times, the current target would not have been possible without some form of patient re-designation or re-labeling taking place, so true improvements are somewhat less than headline figures might suggest and it is doubtful that a single target (fitting all A&E and related services) is sustainable.
Although the four-hour target helped to bring down waiting times when it was first introduced, since September 2012 (after the introduction of the Health and Social Care Act 2012 and top-down reorganisation of the NHS) hospitals in England struggled to stick to it, prompting suggestions that A&E departments may be reaching a limit in terms of what can be achieved within the available resources. Interestingly, the announcement of the reduction of the target from 98% to 95% was immediately followed by a reduction in attainment to the lower level.
By December 2014, the number of patients being treated within four hours had fallen to 91.8%.
From December 2015 the 95% target over England as a whole was missed every month. From October 2016 to December 2016 only 4 out of 139 hospitals with major type 1 A&E departments met the target.
Missing the target
According to the BMA the main reasons for not reaching this target are:
- Not enough inpatient beds
- Delayed discharges
- Delay in accessing specialist opinion
- Not enough nurses
- Not enough middle grade doctors
- Department too small
- Delay in accessing diagnostic services
In 2014, research conducted by QualityWatch, a joint programme from the Nuffield Trust and the Health Foundation, tracked 41 million visits to A&E departments in England in order to better understand the pressures leading to increased waiting times and breaches of the four-hour target. Researchers identified a rise in older patients and related increase in long-term conditions as key factors, alongside extremes of temperature (in both summer and winter) and crowding at peak times. They noted that the majority of pressure was falling on major A&E units, and proposed that rising demand as a result of ageing and population growth may be pushing already stretched emergency departments beyond maximum capacity.
In July 2017 the Royal College of Emergency Medicine produced a report saying that the NHS needed at least 5,000 more beds to achieve safe bed occupancy levels and hit the four-hour target.
Pressure
Even though exceptions are allowed to the targets, concerns have been raised that the target has put pressure on A&E staff to compromise patient care. A significant proportion (90%) of A&E consultants welcomed the four hour target in a study but felt that 98% was too high a target.
Maps NHS targets
Twelve hour target
At the same time as the four target was introduced a target that no patient should wait longer than 12 hours before they are admitted to a ward, if that is is required, was introduced. Between January and March 2012 only 15 patients in England waited more than 12 hours, but in the same months in 2017 1,597 patients breached the target.
Planned treatment
Over four million patients were waiting for non urgent hospital care as of July 2017. The Royal College of Surgeons together with other medical groups fear patients are waiting longer in anxiety and pain for hospital procedures. The target was that 90% of patients admitted to hospital for treatment and 95% of those not admitted should receive consultant-led care within 18 weeks unless it is clinically appropriate not to do so, or they choose to wait.
See also
NHS ambulance services#Targets
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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